# sqlite.py
# Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Michael Bayer mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Support for the SQLite database.
For information on connecting using a specific driver, see the documentation
section regarding that driver.
Date and Time Types
-------------------
SQLite does not have built-in DATE, TIME, or DATETIME types, and pysqlite does not provide
out of the box functionality for translating values between Python `datetime` objects
and a SQLite-supported format. SQLAlchemy's own :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.DateTime`
and related types provide date formatting and parsing functionality when SQlite is used.
The implementation classes are :class:`DATETIME`, :class:`DATE` and :class:`TIME`.
These types represent dates and times as ISO formatted strings, which also nicely
support ordering. There's no reliance on typical "libc" internals for these functions
so historical dates are fully supported.
Auto Incrementing Behavior
--------------------------
Background on SQLite's autoincrement is at: http://sqlite.org/autoinc.html
Two things to note:
* The AUTOINCREMENT keyword is **not** required for SQLite tables to
generate primary key values automatically. AUTOINCREMENT only means that
the algorithm used to generate ROWID values should be slightly different.
* SQLite does **not** generate primary key (i.e. ROWID) values, even for
one column, if the table has a composite (i.e. multi-column) primary key.
This is regardless of the AUTOINCREMENT keyword being present or not.
To specifically render the AUTOINCREMENT keyword on the primary key
column when rendering DDL, add the flag ``sqlite_autoincrement=True``
to the Table construct::
Table('sometable', metadata,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
sqlite_autoincrement=True)
"""
import datetime, re, time
from sqlalchemy import schema
from sqlalchemy import sql,exc,pool,DefaultClause
from sqlalchemy.engine import default
from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
from sqlalchemy import types
from sqlalchemy import util
from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler,functions
from sqlalchemy.util import NoneType
from sqlalchemy import processors
from sqlalchemy.types import BLOB,BOOLEAN,CHAR,DATE,DATETIME,DECIMAL,\
FLOAT, INTEGER, NUMERIC, SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME,\
TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR
class _DateTimeMixin(object):
_reg = None
_storage_format = None
def __init__(self, storage_format=None, regexp=None, **kwargs):
if regexp is not None:
self._reg = re.compile(regexp)
if storage_format is not None:
self._storage_format = storage_format
class DATETIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.DateTime):
_storage_format = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d"
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
datetime_datetime = datetime.datetime
datetime_date = datetime.date
format = self._storage_format
def process(value):
if value is None:
return None
elif isinstance(value, datetime_datetime):
return format % (value.year, value.month, value.day,
value.hour, value.minute, value.second,
value.microsecond)
elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
return format % (value.year, value.month, value.day,
0, 0, 0, 0)
else:
raise TypeError("SQLite DateTime type only accepts Python "
"datetime and date objects as input.")
return process
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
if self._reg:
return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
self._reg, datetime.datetime)
else:
return processors.str_to_datetime
class DATE(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Date):
_storage_format = "%04d-%02d-%02d"
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
datetime_date = datetime.date
format = self._storage_format
def process(value):
if value is None:
return None
elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
return format % (value.year, value.month, value.day)
else:
raise TypeError("SQLite Date type only accepts Python "
"date objects as input.")
return process
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
if self._reg:
return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
self._reg, datetime.date)
else:
return processors.str_to_date
class TIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Time):
_storage_format = "%02d:%02d:%02d.%06d"
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
datetime_time = datetime.time
format = self._storage_format
def process(value):
if value is None:
return None
elif isinstance(value, datetime_time):
return format % (value.hour, value.minute, value.second,
value.microsecond)
else:
raise TypeError("SQLite Time type only accepts Python "
"time objects as input.")
return process
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
if self._reg:
return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
self._reg, datetime.time)
else:
return processors.str_to_time
colspecs = {
sqltypes.Date: DATE,
sqltypes.DateTime: DATETIME,
sqltypes.Time: TIME,
}
ischema_names = {
'BLOB': sqltypes.BLOB,
'BOOL': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
'BOOLEAN': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
'CHAR': sqltypes.CHAR,
'DATE': sqltypes.DATE,
'DATETIME': sqltypes.DATETIME,
'DECIMAL': sqltypes.DECIMAL,
'FLOAT': sqltypes.FLOAT,
'INT': sqltypes.INTEGER,
'INTEGER': sqltypes.INTEGER,
'NUMERIC': sqltypes.NUMERIC,
'REAL': sqltypes.Numeric,
'SMALLINT': sqltypes.SMALLINT,
'TEXT': sqltypes.TEXT,
'TIME': sqltypes.TIME,
'TIMESTAMP': sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
'VARCHAR': sqltypes.VARCHAR,
}
class SQLiteCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
extract_map = util.update_copy(
compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
{
'month': '%m',
'day': '%d',
'year': '%Y',
'second': '%S',
'hour': '%H',
'doy': '%j',
'minute': '%M',
'epoch': '%s',
'dow': '%w',
'week': '%W'
})
def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "length%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
if self.dialect.supports_cast:
return super(SQLiteCompiler, self).visit_cast(cast)
else:
return self.process(cast.clause)
def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
try:
return "CAST(STRFTIME('%s', %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
self.extract_map[extract.field], self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
except KeyError:
raise exc.ArgumentError(
"%s is not a valid extract argument." % extract.field)
def limit_clause(self, select):
text = ""
if select._limit is not None:
text += " \n LIMIT " + str(select._limit)
if select._offset is not None:
if select._limit is None:
text += " \n LIMIT -1"
text += " OFFSET " + str(select._offset)
else:
text += " OFFSET 0"
return text
def for_update_clause(self, select):
# sqlite has no "FOR UPDATE" AFAICT
return ''
class SQLiteDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type)
default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
if default is not None:
colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
if not column.nullable:
colspec += " NOT NULL"
if column.primary_key and \
column.table.kwargs.get('sqlite_autoincrement', False) and \
len(column.table.primary_key.columns) == 1 and \
isinstance(column.type, sqltypes.Integer) and \
not column.foreign_keys:
colspec += " PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT"
return colspec
def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
# for columns with sqlite_autoincrement=True,
# the PRIMARY KEY constraint can only be inline
# with the column itself.
if len(constraint.columns) == 1:
c = list(constraint)[0]
if c.primary_key and \
c.table.kwargs.get('sqlite_autoincrement', False) and \
isinstance(c.type, sqltypes.Integer) and \
not c.foreign_keys:
return ''
return super(SQLiteDDLCompiler, self).\
visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
def visit_create_index(self, create):
index = create.element
preparer = self.preparer
text = "CREATE "
if index.unique:
text += "UNIQUE "
text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
% (preparer.format_index(index,
name=self._validate_identifier(index.name, True)),
preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=False),
', '.join(preparer.quote(c.name, c.quote)
for c in index.columns))
return text
class SQLiteTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
class SQLiteIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
reserved_words = set([
'add', 'after', 'all', 'alter', 'analyze', 'and', 'as', 'asc',
'attach', 'autoincrement', 'before', 'begin', 'between', 'by',
'cascade', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate', 'column', 'commit',
'conflict', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date',
'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'database', 'default',
'deferrable', 'deferred', 'delete', 'desc', 'detach', 'distinct',
'drop', 'each', 'else', 'end', 'escape', 'except', 'exclusive',
'explain', 'false', 'fail', 'for', 'foreign', 'from', 'full', 'glob',
'group', 'having', 'if', 'ignore', 'immediate', 'in', 'index',
'indexed', 'initially', 'inner', 'insert', 'instead', 'intersect', 'into', 'is',
'isnull', 'join', 'key', 'left', 'like', 'limit', 'match', 'natural',
'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'of', 'offset', 'on', 'or', 'order', 'outer',
'plan', 'pragma', 'primary', 'query', 'raise', 'references',
'reindex', 'rename', 'replace', 'restrict', 'right', 'rollback',
'row', 'select', 'set', 'table', 'temp', 'temporary', 'then', 'to',
'transaction', 'trigger', 'true', 'union', 'unique', 'update', 'using',
'vacuum', 'values', 'view', 'virtual', 'when', 'where',
])
def format_index(self, index, use_schema=True, name=None):
"""Prepare a quoted index and schema name."""
if name is None:
name = index.name
result = self.quote(name, index.quote)
if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and getattr(index.table, "schema", None):
result = self.quote_schema(index.table.schema, index.table.quote_schema) + "." + result
return result
class SQLiteDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
name = 'sqlite'
supports_alter = False
supports_unicode_statements = True
supports_unicode_binds = True
supports_default_values = True
supports_empty_insert = False
supports_cast = True
default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
statement_compiler = SQLiteCompiler
ddl_compiler = SQLiteDDLCompiler
type_compiler = SQLiteTypeCompiler
preparer = SQLiteIdentifierPreparer
ischema_names = ischema_names
colspecs = colspecs
isolation_level = None
supports_cast = True
supports_default_values = True
def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, native_datetime=False, **kwargs):
default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
if isolation_level and isolation_level not in ('SERIALIZABLE',
'READ UNCOMMITTED'):
raise exc.ArgumentError("Invalid value for isolation_level. "
"Valid isolation levels for sqlite are 'SERIALIZABLE' and "
"'READ UNCOMMITTED'.")
self.isolation_level = isolation_level
# this flag used by pysqlite dialect, and perhaps others in the
# future, to indicate the driver is handling date/timestamp
# conversions (and perhaps datetime/time as well on some
# hypothetical driver ?)
self.native_datetime = native_datetime
if self.dbapi is not None:
self.supports_default_values = \
self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 3, 8)
self.supports_cast = \
self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 2, 3)
def on_connect(self):
if self.isolation_level is not None:
if self.isolation_level == 'READ UNCOMMITTED':
isolation_level = 1
else:
isolation_level = 0
def connect(conn):
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("PRAGMA read_uncommitted = %d" % isolation_level)
cursor.close()
return connect
else:
return None
@reflection.cache
def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
if schema is not None:
qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
"WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
rs = connection.execute(s)
else:
try:
s = ("SELECT name FROM "
" (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
" SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
"WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name")
rs = connection.execute(s)
except exc.DBAPIError:
raise
s = ("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
"WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name")
rs = connection.execute(s)
return [row[0] for row in rs]
def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
if schema is not None:
pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
else:
pragma = "PRAGMA "
qtable = quote(table_name)
cursor = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute("%stable_info(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)))
row = cursor.fetchone()
# consume remaining rows, to work around
# http://www.sqlite.org/cvstrac/tktview?tn=1884
while cursor.fetchone() is not None:
pass
return (row is not None)
@reflection.cache
def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
if schema is not None:
qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
"WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
rs = connection.execute(s)
else:
try:
s = ("SELECT name FROM "
" (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
" SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
"WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name")
rs = connection.execute(s)
except exc.DBAPIError:
raise
s = ("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
"WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name")
rs = connection.execute(s)
return [row[0] for row in rs]
@reflection.cache
def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
if schema is not None:
qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
s = ("SELECT sql FROM %s WHERE name = '%s'"
"AND type='view'") % (master, view_name)
rs = connection.execute(s)
else:
try:
s = ("SELECT sql FROM "
" (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
" SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
"WHERE name = '%s' "
"AND type='view'") % view_name
rs = connection.execute(s)
except exc.DBAPIError:
raise
s = ("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = '%s' "
"AND type='view'") % view_name
rs = connection.execute(s)
result = rs.fetchall()
if result:
return result[0].sql
@reflection.cache
def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
if schema is not None:
pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
else:
pragma = "PRAGMA "
qtable = quote(table_name)
c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute("%stable_info(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)))
found_table = False
columns = []
while True:
row = c.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
(name, type_, nullable, default, has_default, primary_key) = (row[1], row[2].upper(), not row[3], row[4], row[4] is not None, row[5])
name = re.sub(r'^\"|\"$', '', name)
if default:
default = re.sub(r"^\'|\'$", '', default)
match = re.match(r'(\w+)(\(.*?\))?', type_)
if match:
coltype = match.group(1)
args = match.group(2)
else:
coltype = "VARCHAR"
args = ''
try:
coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
except KeyError:
util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
(coltype, name))
coltype = sqltypes.NullType
if args is not None:
args = re.findall(r'(\d+)', args)
coltype = coltype(*[int(a) for a in args])
columns.append({
'name' : name,
'type' : coltype,
'nullable' : nullable,
'default' : default,
'primary_key': primary_key
})
return columns
@reflection.cache
def get_primary_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
cols = self.get_columns(connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
pkeys = []
for col in cols:
if col['primary_key']:
pkeys.append(col['name'])
return pkeys
@reflection.cache
def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
if schema is not None:
pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
else:
pragma = "PRAGMA "
qtable = quote(table_name)
c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute("%sforeign_key_list(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)))
fkeys = []
fks = {}
while True:
row = c.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
(constraint_name, rtbl, lcol, rcol) = (row[0], row[2], row[3], row[4])
rtbl = re.sub(r'^\"|\"$', '', rtbl)
lcol = re.sub(r'^\"|\"$', '', lcol)
rcol = re.sub(r'^\"|\"$', '', rcol)
try:
fk = fks[constraint_name]
except KeyError:
fk = {
'name' : constraint_name,
'constrained_columns' : [],
'referred_schema' : None,
'referred_table' : rtbl,
'referred_columns' : []
}
fkeys.append(fk)
fks[constraint_name] = fk
# look up the table based on the given table's engine, not 'self',
# since it could be a ProxyEngine
if lcol not in fk['constrained_columns']:
fk['constrained_columns'].append(lcol)
if rcol not in fk['referred_columns']:
fk['referred_columns'].append(rcol)
return fkeys
@reflection.cache
def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
if schema is not None:
pragma = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
else:
pragma = "PRAGMA "
include_auto_indexes = kw.pop('include_auto_indexes', False)
qtable = quote(table_name)
c = _pragma_cursor(connection.execute("%sindex_list(%s)" % (pragma, qtable)))
indexes = []
while True:
row = c.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
# ignore implicit primary key index.
# http://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users@sqlite.org/msg30517.html
elif not include_auto_indexes and row[1].startswith('sqlite_autoindex'):
continue
indexes.append(dict(name=row[1], column_names=[], unique=row[2]))
# loop thru unique indexes to get the column names.
for idx in indexes:
c = connection.execute("%sindex_info(%s)" % (pragma, quote(idx['name'])))
cols = idx['column_names']
while True:
row = c.fetchone()
if row is None:
break
cols.append(row[2])
return indexes
def _pragma_cursor(cursor):
"""work around SQLite issue whereby cursor.description is blank when PRAGMA returns no rows."""
if cursor.closed:
cursor._fetchone_impl = lambda: None
return cursor
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